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The structure of the concept of “China” from an unearthed cultural relics and archaeological perspective
Author: Yang Bo (Associate Researcher, Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Source: “Hebei Teachers’ Major Sciences” (Philosophy and Social Science Edition) 2024 Issue 3
Abstract: Among the rich unearthed cultural relics and archaeological objects, Su contains historical information formed by the concept of “China” in the pre-Qin period. The origin of “Zhong” is closely related to the concepts of “middle ground”, “middle ground”, and “middle country” in the pre-Qin period. The integration and development of the “Huaxia” ethnic group during the Western Anniversary period laid a solid foundation for the emergence of the early “China” concept of war. Since its birth, the basic connotation of the concept of “Zhonghua” includes the standard of “Huaxia” civilization as the standard of combining civilization, “Yuhua” and “Jiuzhou” as the area of cooperation in activities, and the son of Emperor Huang as the lineage.
Social changes have the main meaning of the Chinese people. The transformation from the primitive tribe-state alliance to the reorganized state of the Xia and Shang dynasties, the Chinese and Xia tribes began to sprout; the Zhou people defeated the Shang Dynasty, and the “Xia” began to be the name of the tribe alliance with the Zhou people’s precious tribe as the focus. [1] The feudal state of the Western Zhou Dynasty made the Eastern and Eastern tribes break the bloody relationship and live in various places to live in harmony. “Xia” and “Xia” became the basic people formed by the Chinese and Xia people in the age period [2]; the tyranny of the tyranny of the country during the age period, and the transportation integration between the domestic and state groups was formed by the Chinese and Xia people. The direct expression of “regionalization” [3]; the population gathered in the country during the war, forming the “nationals” consciousness of both political and ethnic identity such as the Qin people, Chu people, Qi people, Zhao people [4]; the establishment of a unified country in the Qin Dynasty, and the number of “Xia” finally became the “uniform Huaxia of a single number”. 【5】
The above research and development shows the main values of assessing the nature and structure of “Huaxia” from the perspective of political science [6], and distinguishing “national” as “Xiaxia” and “fresh” based on “civilization” and “region” as standard The two levels [7], and the “Xia” and “Xia” that received the Zhou people’s gift civilization were nearby, and they were in the Huaxia area with “China” as the center. This basic understanding [8] also aroused people’s interest in the “China” conception and the origin of the name. It was just limited by the information we saw, and the word “China” in the world-class literature was used as a geography and astrology. It was first seen in “The Book of the Book of Geography” [9], and the first to see it in “The Book of the Three Kingdoms·The Book of Ge Liang” Pei Songzhi’s note [10]. In the past, many scholars thought that the two words “China” and “Huaxia” were integrated, and the time when the “Huaxia” became “China” was no earlier than that in the Wei Dynasty. 【11】It is worth noting that the rich unearthed cultural relics and archaeological objects are also contained in the rich and rich unearthed artifacts.In the era of “recovering numerical summer” to “single numerical summer” in the pre-Qin period, historical information gradually formed by the concept of “China”. The following article discusses the structure of the concept of “China” in the pre-Qin period based on the previous and current research and discussions, so that teachers and friends can criticize it.
1. As the concept of “middle”
From archaeological material data and unearthed engravings, the origin of “middle” is closely related to the concepts of “middle”, “middle” and “middle of the country” in the pre-Qin period. Long before the textual data, such as settlements and urban shapes in the early Neolithic era, all showed the focal position of “middle”. Archaeology has found that the central position within the settlement often has the effect of both memorial and negotiation.
The site of Tongjiangzhai, Xilin, is located in the middle of the inner area, and has found a central building with a surface area of more than 4,000 square meters. The five buildings with large house sites are regularly distributed in the central building and its four directions east, south, west and north. These complexes each have a large house location as the middle, including more than 10 small and medium-sized house locations ranging from 20 small and medium-sized houses. The orientation of all large, medium and small houses is centered on the center. [12] This distribution seems to indicate that the layout of the entire settlement is based on the central building and the middle. Chen Yong once pointed out the strong cohesion and attraction of the central building as all the doors faced towards the central building. 【13】Similar phenomena are also found to be at the Xipo site of Lingbao, Henan. There seems to be a similar central area in the middle of the settlement. Four large-scale rooms are located in the center of the settlement, including the excavated F105 (southeast corner), F106 (northeast corner), and F108 (southeast corner) [14]. The doorways of these rooms are also facing the central building in the middle of the settlement. The settlement is centered on the central building. There are large-scale bays with doorways facing the central building in the four areas, forming a “centripe settlement layout” [15]. From this we can see that the central building located in the middle of the residence seemed to have been a common feature of large settlements at that time.
The urban structures in the early Neolithic era have also shown a layout plan for the capitals in the middle of the base layer settlement circle. For example, Sun Bo once noticed that the two towns and the King of Kings are the middle of the two major areas of the coastal settlement group in the southeastern Lu. Taking the two towns as an example, under the cooperation of environment, land, road conditions and districts, the social conditions of the two towns exist within and outside. On the inner side are the middle settlements of two towns, such as the towns. The ground is in the middle of the basin, close to the river water source, and the ground is fertile and easy to irrigate. There are many small and medium-sized settlements on the outer side, along the groundIn terms of status, the territory is relatively barren. Although the small and medium-sized settlements on the outside clearly appear to be from the middle settlement – the two towns, they themselves are the middle of a relatively independent settlement circle. In this way, the entire area is also a circle-layer structure composed of two towns as the middle, forming a “multi-layer co-structure”. Therefore, the central settlements like the two towns and the King of Kings were not only the central part of the region at that time, but also the central part of the regional society. [16]
This kind of settlement or the layout of the city is expanded in the middle, and the base layer settlement is also circulated in the middle of the city, which is actually Chen Jubai does not quite meet the standards of Song Wei. The situation was inherited by the late dynasties. For example, the central area of the capital at Erli Tou site presents a huge layout in the form of “Nine Palaces”. The main road and wall in the middle of the city with the character “jing” is located in the middle of the shape of “jing”. [17] This confession is that the Erli Head Kingdom has the goal of strict and clear planning, and is that the Palace District is at the focus, showing the concentration between royal power and power. The author has noticed that the Qingshan F1 on the ground in the center of Sanxingdui Moon Bay, the area has an area of more than 1,000 square meters. At the same time, the application, the waste and the foundation of the eight artifact pits, this is also the largest single building foundation of the Sanxingdui site discovered today. [18] Du Jinzhang once estimated that Qingshan Qun F1 should be a large-scale gift building that governed the ancient Shu people at that time to handle major politics and carry out serious rituals [19]; Zhao Dianzeng also believed that it was the “tale” for collective memorial service and gathering meetings. [20] It is worth noting that the central axis channel in Qingguan Mountain F1 is located in the southeast-southeast direction. The purpose of the design is similar to the central axis line of the Sanxingdui earth platform and the first and second artifact pits, both of which are about 45° northwest and facing the Minshan Mountain to the southeast. [21] It can be seen that the layouts inside these cities are spread out in the middle.
The situation of the capital in the middle of the basement settlement is covered by the a TC: